Impact of organophosphate pesticides on anurans: a mini review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11160/bah.309Keywords:
anurans, ecotoxicology, insecticides, pollutants, sub-lethal effectsAbstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are a group of widely used insecticides in agriculture and vector control. The primary mechanism of action of OPs is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine and disruption of neural transmission. As acetylcholine acts as neurotransmitter in most animal groups, exposure to OPs has raised increasing ecological concerns due to their toxicity to non-target organisms. Among vertebrates, amphibians are particularly vulnerable to OP exposure given their dual life cycle, which makes them susceptible to contamination in both water and lands. The impairment of neural transmission by OPs can result in behavioral impairments such as abnormal swimming and decreased predator avoidance, ultimately reducing individual fitness and survival. Exposure to OPs also poses developmental risks, causing morphological abnormalities, delayed metamorphosis and reduced growth. Liver and muscle tissues exhibit histopathological changes, indicating systemic stress, while exposure to even low concentrations impairs immune function, increasing susceptibility to infection and reducing resistance against environmental stressors. This mini review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed studies and reviews published in the last 10 years about the impact of OPs on amphibians, with special focus on anurans as the most studied group in this context. Despite the thematic evolution of ecotoxicology towards more ecology-focused studies, the fact that OPs are not emerging pesticides has somehow excluded them from this pattern. However, OP toxicity to anurans is still of concern, hence future research should prioritize field-based assessments, long-term studies, and species-specific sensitivity to better understand the ecological implications of OP exposure.
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